Longevity Records
Life Spans of Mammals, Birds, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Fish

Fishes

Table 4. Record Life Spans (years) of Fishes

((+) indicates that individual was still alive at the time that life span was recorded)

Order/FamilyGenus/SpeciesCommon NameWildCapt.M/FReference
SUBPYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA / CLASS BRACHIOSTOMATA
Amphioxiformes
BranchiostomidaeBranchiostoma lanceolatumLancelet/ amphioxus 0.6x[70]
SUBPYLUM CHORDATA / CLASS CEPHALOSPIDOMORPHI
Petromyzoniformes
PetromyzonidaeIchthyomyzon fossor 6.0 x[3] [36]
 Lampetra fluviatilisLamprey (+) 1.0x[3] [70]
 Lampetra fluviatilisRiver-lamprey or lampern 0.4x[70]
 Lampetra tridentataPacific lamprey9.0 x[143] [177]
[198]
 Lampetra wilderliN. American brook-lamprey 0.5x[70]
 Petromyzon branchialisFringe-lipped lampern 0.2x[70]
 Petromyzon marinusSea-lamprey 0.8x[70]
 Petromyzon marinusSea-lamprey7.0 x[3] [200]
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES
Carchariniformes
CarchardinaeCarcharhinus leucasBull shark13.7 x[81]
 Carcharhinus leucasBull shark28.0 x[99]
 Carcharhinus obscurusDusky shark30.0 x[99]
 Galeocerdo cuvierTiger shark 3.3x[53]
 Triaenodan obesusWhitetip reef shark25.0 x[160]
ScyliorhinidaeScyliorhinus caniculusCat shark10.0 x[48]
 Scyliorhinus stellarisCat shark19.0 x[48]
 Scyliorhinus stellarisCat shark 18.0x[3] [71]
TriakidaeTriakis semifasciataLeopard shark (+)14.0 x[1] [51]
[59]
 Triakis semifasciataHound shark10.0 x[48]
 Galeorhinus australisHound shark27.6 x[81]
 Galeorhinus japonicusEiraku shark15.0 x[193]
Heterodontiformes
HeterodontidaeHeterodontis francisciHorned shark12.0 x[48] [98]
 Heterodontis galeatusShark12.0 x[48]
Lamniformes
CetorhinidaeCetorhinus maximsBasking shark32.0 x[193]
Orectolobiformes
GinglymostomatidaeGinglymostoma cirratumNurse shark25.0 x[48]
HemiscyllidaeChiloscyllium plagiosumBamboo shark25.0 x[48]
OrectolobidaeGinglymostoma spp.Carpet shark 9.0x[3] [71]
RhiniodontidaeRhiniodon typusWhale shark70.0 x[30]
Rajiformes
DasyatidaeDasyatis pastinacaSting rays (+) 21.0x[3] [71]
RajidaeRaja clavataSkate12.0 x[52] [111]
 Raja maculataSkate (+) 5.8x[3] [77]
Squaliformes
SqualidaeSqualus acanthiasSpur dogfish60.0 x[28]
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES
Acipenseriformes
AcipenseridaeAcipenser brevirostris 14.0 x[3]
 Acipenser brevirostrumShort-nosed sturgeon 7.0x[70]
 Acipenser fulvescensLake sturgeon152.0 x[5]
 Acipenser fulvescensLake sturgeon82.0 x[30] [156]
 Acipenser medirostrisGreen sturgeon60.0 x[97]
 Acipenser medirostrisGreen sturgeon80.0 x[158]
 Acipenser oxyrhynchus 12.0 x[3]
 Acipenser ruthenusSturgeon 46.1x[71]
 Acipenser sturioSturgeon (+) 6.8x[70]
 Acipenser transmontanusWhite sturgeon82.0 x[3]
 Acipenser transmontanusWhite sturgeon (+)100.0 x[7]
 Acipenser transmontanusWhite sturgeon80.0 x[158]
 Huso husoBeluga sturgeon118.0 x
PolydontidaePolyodon spathulaAmerican paddlefish24.0 x[3] [179]
 Polyodon spathulaAmerican paddlefish30.0 x[157]
Amiformes
AmiidaeAmia calvaAmerican mudfish30.0 x[3] [16]
 Amia calvaBowfin 24.0x[3] [71]
 Amia calvaAmerican mudfish 30.0x[32]
 Amia calvaAmerican mudfish or bowfin 20.0x[70]
Anguilliformes
AnguilidaeAnguilla anguillaEuropean eel88.0 x[30]
 Anguilla anguillaFreshwater eel 55.0x[3] [71]
 Anguilla anguillaEel17.0 x[77]
 Anguilla chrisypaN. American eel 6.0x[70]
 Anguilla rostrataEel 50.0x[70]
 Anguilla vulgaris 15.0 x[3]
CongridaeConger congerConger eel 9.0x[3] [70]
 Conger myriasterBrevoort8.0 x[3] [192]
 Muraenesox cinereus 15.0 x[3]
Atheriniformes
AtherinidaeAtherinops affinisTopsmelt8.0 x[61] [174]
 Atherinops affinisTopsmelt9.0 x[62] [174]
 Atherinops californiensisJacksmelt11.0 x[75]
 Atherinops californiensisJacksmelt10.0 x[44]
 Atherinops californiensisJacksmelt11.0 x[3] [19]
 Labidesthes sicculusBrook silverside1.3 x[101]
 Leuresthes tenuisCalifornia grunion (+)3.0 f[43]
 Leuresthes tenuisCalifornia grunion8.0 m[43]
 Leuresthes tenuisCalifornia grunion8.0 f[43]
 Leuresthes tenuisCalifornia grunion4.0 x[3] [45]
 Menidia beryllinaInland silverside1.0 m[128] [143]
 Menidia beryllinaInland silverside2.0 f[128] [143]
Ceratodontiformes
CeratodontidaeCeratodus forsteriAustralian lungfish (+) 19.7x[70]
Characiformes
CharacidaeAlestes spp.Charcoid (+) 8.3x[3] [70]
 Astyanax bimaculatusCharacin18.0 x[98]
 Hydrocyon spp.Tetra (+) 7.9x[3] [70]
 Hydrocyon brevisAfrican tetra 4.2x[70]
 Hydrocyon forskaliiNile tiger-fish 7.9x[70]
CharacinidaeDistichodus niloticusThe Nile "lafash" 7.5x[70]
Clupeiformes
ClupeidaeAlosa pseudoharengus 9.0 x[3]
 Alosa sapidissimaAmerican shad13.0 x[3] [71]
 Alosa sapidissimaAmerican shad7.0 x[50]
 Alosa sapidissimaAmerican shad (+)5.0 x[143]
 Clupea harengusAtlantic herring19.0 x[71]
 Clupea harengusAtlantic herring22.0 x[115] [168]
 Clupea harengus pallasiPacific herring9.0 x[132]
 Clupea pallasiPacific herring19.0 x[3] [91]
 Clupea pallasiPacific herring11.0 x[194]
 Dorosoma petenenseThreadfin shad4.0 x[103]
 Sardinops caeruleaCalifornia sardine13.0 x[3] [183]
 Sardinops caeruleaCalifornia sardine18.0 x[28] [46]
[152] [182]
 Sardinops neopilchardusAustralian sardine6.5 x[29]
DorosomidaeDorosoma cepedianum 10.0 x[3]
EngraulidaeAnchoa compressaDeepbody anchovy6.0 x[94]
 Anchoa delicatissimaSlough anchovy3.0 x[94]
 Engraulis mordaxNorthern anchovy7.0 x[3] [21]
[47] [75]
Coelacanthiformes
ProtopteridaeProtopterus annectensAmerican lungfish 18.0x[3] [70]
[71]
 Protopterus annectensAfrican lungfish 9.8x[70]
Cyprinidontiformes
CyprinidontidaeCyprinodon tularosaWhite sands pupfish5.0 x[102]
PoeciliidaeGambusia affinisMosquito fish1.5 x[3] [112]
Cypriniformes
BalitoridaeNoemacheilus barbatulusStone loach6.0 x[136]
CatostomidaeCarpiodes carpio 6.0 x[3]
 Catostomus catostomus 13.0 x[3] [162]
 Catostomus commersonii 12.0 x[3] [162]
 Catostomus occidentalisSacramento sucker10.0 x[143]
 Erimyzon sucetta 8.0 x[3]
 Ictiobus bubalus 12.0 x[3]
 Ictiobus cyprinellus 14.0 x[3]
 Moxostoma aureolum 9.0 x[3]
 Thoburnia rhothoeca 7.0 x[3] [161]
CobitidaeMisgurnus anguillicaudatusLoach (+) 10.2x[3] [71]
 Misgurnus fossilisLoach (+) 21.7x[3] [70]
CyprinidaeAbramis bramaBream 17.0x[3] [71]
 Abramis bramaBream10.0 x[3] [178]
 Abramis bramaBream23.0 x[28]
 Abramis chrysoleucasCommon roach/golden shiner (+) 7.0x[70]
 Abramis chrysoleucas roseus‘Pearl roach’ (+) 10.0x[70]
 Barbus bynniBarb (+) 16.3x[3] [70]
 Carassius auratusGoldfish 30.0x[37] [70]
[143]
 Carassius auratusGoldfish41.0 x[30]
 Couesius plumbeus 4.0 x[3] [144]
 Cyprinius carpioCarp38.0 x[98]
 Cyprinus carassius auratusGoldfish 10.0x[70]
 Cyprinus carpioCommon carp 47.0x[71]
 Cyprinus carpioCommon carp20.0 x[125]
 Cyprinus carpioCarp (+) 6.0x[70]
 Cyprinus carpioCommon carp38.0 x[98]
 Cyprinus carpio var.Prussian carp 6.4x[70]
 Hesperoleucus symmetricusCalifornia roach5.0 x[143]
 Hybognathus nuchalis 2.0 x[3] [161]
 Hyborhynchus notatus 3.0 x[3] [36]
 Idus melanotus 6.0 x[3] [178]
 Lavinia exilicauda 6.0 x[3] [144]
 Leuciscus cephalusChub 11.0x[3] [71]
 Leuciscus idusGolden ide 29.8x[70]
 Leuciscus leuciscusCarp 8.0x[3] [70]
 Leuciscus orfusGolden orfe (+) 14.25x[70]
 Leuciscus rutilus 8.0 x[3] [178]
 Notemigonus crysoleucasGolden shiner9.0 x[3] [37]
[52]
 Notemigonus crysoleucasGolden shiner (+) 7.0x[3] [70]
 Notropis cornutus 6.0 x[3] [167]
 Notropis lutrensisRed shiner3.0 x[37]
 Orthodon microlepidotus 5.0 x[3] [145]
 Phoxinus phoxinusMinnow 13.0x[3] [71]
 Phoxinus phoxinusMinnow3.0 x[76]
 Pimephales promelasFathead minnow (+)2.0 x[177]
 Pogonichthys macrolepidotusSplittail5.0 x[39]
 Ptychocheilus grandisSacramento squawfish9.0 x[191]
 Ptychocheilus oregonensis 11.0 x[3] [49]
 Rhinichthys cataractae 5.0 x[3]
 Rutilus rutilus 12.0 x[3] [71]
 Scardinius erythrophthalmusRudd 10.0x[3] [70]
 Semotilus corporalis 6.0 x[3]
ElectrophoridaeElectrophorus electricusElectric eel 11.5x[70]
GymnotidaeGymnotus electricusElectric eel 12.6x[70]
Elopiformes
MegalopidaeMegalops cyprinoidesPacific tarpon44.0 x[113]
Esociformes
EsocidaeEsox luciusPike 10.0x[3] [70]
 Esox luciusPike24.0 x[133]
 Esox luciusPike 6.8x[70]
 Esox masquinongyChain pickerel19.0 x[3] [36]
 Esox masquinongyChain pickerel 10.0x[3] [70]
 Esox niger 8.0 x[3]
Gadiformes
GadidaeBrosme brosme 14.0 x[3]
 Eleginus navaga 12.0 x[3]
 Gadus minutusPoor cod5.0 m[127]
 Gadus minutusPoor cod5.0 f[127]
 Gadus morhuaAtlantic cod16.0 x[69]
 Gadus virensCoalfish23.0 x[3] [172]
 Lota lota 16.0 x[3] [162]
 Melanogrammus aeglefinusHaddock15.0 x[3] [71]
 Melanogrammus aeglefinusHaddock10.0 x[28]
 Merlangius merlangus 10.0 x[3] [129]
 Merluccius merlucciusHake12.0 x[3] [71]
 Molva molva 14.0 x[3]
 Phycis blennoides 10.0 x[3] [92]
 Theragra chalcogramma 15.0 x[3]
MerlucciidaeUrophycis tenuisWhite hake23.0 x[28]
Gasterosteiformes
GasterosteidaeAulorhynchus flavidusTube-snout1.0 x[68]
 Gasterosteus aculeatusThree-spine stickleback 2.4x[3] [71]
 Gasterosteus aculeatusThree-spine stickleback3.0 x[3] [83]
[143]
 Gasterosteus aculeatusThree-spine stickleback8.0 x[165]
 Gasterosteus aculeatusEight-spine stickleback,   
Ten-spine stickleback
SyngnathidaeHippocampus antiguorumShort-nosed sea horse 1.3x[70]
 Hippocampus guttulatusSea horse (+) 6.0x[3] [70]
 Hippocampus hippocampusSea horse (+) 1.3x[3] [70]
 Hippocampus hudsoniusHudson sea horse (+) 4.67x[70]
 Hippocampus hudsoniusHudson sea horse 4.6x[70]
 Hippocampus hudsoniusSea horse, and pygmy sea horse1.0 x[95] [187]
 Hippocampus ramulosusBranched sea horse 0.5x[70]
Gobiesociformes
CallionymidaeCallionymus lyraDragonette7.0 x[3] [40]
 Callionymus lyraDragonette4.0 m[40]
 Callionymus lyraDragonette6.0 f[40]
Hemirhamphiformes
HemirhamphidaeReporhamphus melanochirSea gar fish7.0 x[3] [119]
Lepidosireniiformes
LepidosirenidaeLepidosiren paradoxaS. American lungfish (+) 8.25x[3] [71]
 Lepidosiren paradoxaS. American lungfish8.3 x[71]
Lophiiformes
LophiidaeLophius americanusAngler30.0 x[28]
Mugliformes
MugilidaeMugil cephalusMullet 11.0x[3] [71]
Myctophiformes
MyctophidaeLampanyctus leucopsaurus 6.0 x[3]
 Stenobrachius leucopsarusNorthern lampfish8.0 x[91]
Osteoglossiformes
MormyridaeGnathonemus cyprinoidesElephantfish 7.1x[70]
 Hyperopisus bebeElephantfish (+) 10.1x[3] [70]
 Marcusenius isidoriMormyrid (+) 28.0x[3] [71]
 Marcusenius isidoriMormyrid29.0 x[98]
 Mormyrus cashiveElephantfish 6.3x[76]
 Mormyrus kannumeElephant-snout fish (+) 6.3x[70]
NotopteridaeXenomystus nigriKnifefish 11.4x[3] [70]
OsteoglossidaeOsteoglossam bicirrhosumArowana6.5 x[98]
Perciformes
AmmodytidaeAmmodytes hexapterusPacific sand lance8.0 x[67]
AnabantidaeAnabas kingsleyeaeMiss Kingsley’s climbing perch 8.7x[70]
 Anabas scandensClimbing perch (+) 8.0x[70]
 Anabus kingsleyeaeGourami 8.7x[3] [70]
 Anabus testudineusGourami 11.0x[3] [71]
 Macropodus opercularisGourami (+) 8.0x[3] [70]
BlenniidaeBlennius gattoruginCombtooth blenny 5.0x[70]
 Blennius tolisBlenny6.0 x[159]
CarangidaeSeriola dorsalisYellowtail sardine12.0 x[3] [20]
 Seriola dorsalisJack 7.25x[3] [154]
 Trachurus symmetricusPeruvian horse mackerel30.0 x[3]
CentrarchidaeAmbloplites rupestrisRock bass18.0 x[3]
 Ambloplites rupestrisPerch 12.0x[70]
 Ambloplites rupestrisN. American rock-bass (+) 7.0x[70]
 Archoplites interruptusSacramento perch9.0 x[123]
 Centrarchus macropterusDistinguishing flier6.0 x[3]
 Chaenobryttus coronariusBartram7.0 x[3] [36]
 Lepomis auritusRedbreast sunfish 8.0x[3] [70]
 Lepomis cyanellusGreen sunfish9.0 x[14] [177]
 Lepomis cyanellusGreen sunfish (+) 7.5x[70]
 Lepomis gibbosusPerch 13.0x[3] [71]
 Lepomis gibbosusPumpkinseed12.0 x[100]
 Lepomis humilisOrange-spotted sunfish4.0 x[3] [17]
 Lepomis macrochirusBluegill10.0 x[177]
 Lepomis macrochirus 10.0 x[3] [108]
 Lepomis macrolophus 8.0 x[3] [164]
 Lepomis megalotisPerch 12.0x[3] [71]
 Micropterus coosae 10.0 x[3]
 Micropterus dolomieu 14.0 x[3] [71]
 Micropterus punctulatusSpotted bass7.0 x[3] [188]
 Micropterus punctulatusSpotted bass6.0 x[151]
 Micropterus salmoidesLargemouth black bass (+) 11.0x[3] [70]
 Micropterus salmoidesLargemouth black bass16.0 x[3]
 Micropterus salmoidesLargemouth bass15.0 x[177]
 Micropterus salmoidesLargemouth black bass (+) 11.0x[70]
 Micropterus salmoidesLargemouth bass23.0 x[82]
 Pomoxis annularisWhite crappie9.0 x[135]
 Pomoxis annularisWhite crappie10.0 x[177]
 Pomoxis nigromaculatusBlack crappie 12.0x[70]
 Pomoxis nigromaculatusBlack crappie13.0 x[189]
 Pomoxis nigromaculatusBlack crappie10.0 x[177]
 Pomoxis sparoidesCrappie (+) 7.5x[3] [70]
CentropomidaeCentropomus undecimalisSnook7.0 x[3]
 Lates niloticusSnook 7.8x[3] [70]
ChaedontidaeChaetodon lineolatusLined butterflyfish10.0 x[98]
 Chaetodon lunulaRacoon butterflyfish9.0 x[98]
 Chelmon rostratusCopperband butterflyfish10.0 x[98]
 Forcipiger flavissimusLong-nosed butterflyfish18.0 x[98]
ChaetodontidaeCentropyge tibicenAnemonefish6.0 x[142]
CichlidaeAcara tetramerus  7.0x[3] [70]
 Herichthys cyanoguttatusRio Grande cichlid 5.0x[3] [71]
 Tilapia spp.Cichlid 7.0x[3] [70]
EleotridaeEleotris spp.Sleeper 5.6x[3] [70]
EmbiotocidaeAmphistichus argenteusSurfperch9.0 x[3] [38]
 Amphistichus argenteusBarred surfperch6.0 m[38]
 Amphistichus argenteusBarred surfperch9.0 f[38]
 Cymatogaster aggregataShiner perch3.0 x[3] [19]
 Cymatogaster aggregataShiner perch8.0 x[23] [204]
 Cymatogaster aggregataShiner perch3.0 m[6]
 Cymatogaster aggregataShiner perch5.0 f[6]
 Embiotoca jacksoniBlack perch10.0 x[68]
 Embiotoca lateralisSurfperch9.0 x[3] [184]
 Hyperprosopon argenteumWalley surfperch6.0 x[3] [6]
[19] [75]
 Hyperprosopon ellipticumSilver surfperch5.0 m[203]
 Hyperprosopon ellipticumSilver surfperch7.0 f[203]
 Hysterocarpus traskiTule perch (+)5.0 x[143]
 Taeniotoca lateralisSurfperch9.0 x[3] [184]
GobiidaeClevelandia iosArrow goby3.0 x[153]
 Gobius minutusGoby (+) 2.0x[3] [70]
 Gobius nigerBlack goby 5.0x[121]
 Gobius paganellusGoby 1.0x[3] [70]
 Latrunculus pellucidus  1.0x[3] [70]
 Periophthalmus barbarusMudskipper 2.2x[3] [154]
 Periophthalmus koelreuteriMangrove goby 1.5x[70]
HaemulidaeHaemulon sciurusGrunt12.0 x[98]
IstiophoridaeIstiophorus platypterusAtlantic sailfish (+)10.0 x[155]
LabridaeCoris julisWrasse7.0 x[98]
 Pimelometopon pulchrumWrasse53.0 x[3]
 Tautoga onitisWrasse 8.0x[3] [70]
LutjanidaeNeomaenis griseusGray snapper 7.0x[70]
 Neomaenis synagrisSpot or lane snapper 7.0x[70]
 Lutjanus griseusSnapper (+) 7.0x[3] [70]
 Lutjanus peruSnapper (+) 7.2x[3] [154]
 Lutjanus synagrisSnapper (+) 7.0x[3] [70]
MalacanthidaeCaulodatilus princepsWhite fish13.0 x[3] [66]
PercichthidaeMacquaria novemaculeataAustralian bass (+)22.0 x[88]
 Morone saxatilisStriped bass (+)30.0 f[143]
PercidaeBoleosoma longinamumDarter4.0 x[3] [161]
 Etheostoma blennoidesAppalachian darter4.0 x[3] [114]
 Hadropterus maculatusDarter 7.0x[3] [70]
 Lucioperca luciopercaPikeperch14.0 x[3] [71]
 Lucioperca saudraPikeperch 6.9x[70]
 Peoilichthys zonalis 3.0 x[3] [114]
 Perca flavescensN. American perch 12.0x[3] [71]
 Perca flavescensN. American yellow perch (+) 8.0x[70]
 Perca fluviatilisPerch 5.7x[70]
 Percina caprodesLogperch3.0 x[3] [36]
 Stizostedion canadenseSauger18.0 x[89]
 Stizostedion canadenseSauger13.0 x[3] [89]
 Stizostedion vitreumWalleye18.0 x[3]
 Stizostedion vitreumWalleye (+)26.0 x[173]
PholidaePholis gunnellusGunnel 1.2x[70]
 Pholis gunnellusButterfish5.0 x[3] [159]
PomacanthidaeCentropyge flavissimusLemonpeel angelfish11.0 x[98]
 Euxiphipops navarchusBlue-faced angelfish15.0 x[98]
 Pomacanthodes imperatorEmperor angelfish14.0 x[98]
 Pygoplites diacantusRegal angelfish14.5 x[98]
 Amphiprion clarkiiAnemonefish11.0 x[142]
 Amphiprion ephippiumClownfish16.0 x[98]
 Dascyllus aruanusDamselfish6.0 x[98]
PomadasyidaeAnisotremus davidsoniGrunt 7.3x[3] [154]
SciaenidaeAplodinotus grunniensFreshwater drum13.0 x[3]
 Atractoscion nobilisWhite seabass (+)20.0 x[67]
 Cheilotrema saturnumBlack croaker20.0 x[3] [118]
 Cynoscion macdonaldiTotoaba15.0 x[25]
 Cynoscion nobilisWhite seabass20.0 x[3]
 Cynoscion nothusSilver seatrout1.2 x[56]
 Genyonemus lineatusWhite croaker15.0 x[75] [120]
 Genyonemus lineatusWhite croaker15.0 x[75]
 Menticirrhus undulatusBrazilian croaker8.0 x[3] [19]
 Perca fluviatilisPerch (+) 10.7x[71]
 Perca fluviatilisPerch10.0 x[178]
 Perca fluviatilisPerch22.0 x[2]
 Pogomias cromisDrum 6.5x[3] [70]
 Roncador stearnsi 15.0 x[3] [19]
 Sciaenops ocellataRedfish drum (+) 7.0x[3] [70]
ScombridaeGermo alalungaAtlantic albacore9.0 x[3] [180]
 Neothunnus macropterusYellowfin tuna9.0 x[3] [180]
 Pneumatophorus diegoPacific mackerel9.0 x[63] [65]
 Pneumatophorus diego 11.0 x[3] [63]
 Scomber scombrusMackerel 4.0x[70]
 Scomber scombrusMackerel15.0 x[147]
 Scomberomorus maculatusSpanish mackerel5.0 x[3]
SerranidaeCentropristis striatusBlack seabass20.0 x[28]
 Epinephelus gigasMediterranean grouper 24.0x[70]
 Lepibema chrysopsWhite bass9.0 x[3] [181]
 Morone americana 16.0 x[3]
 Morone interruptaYellow bass7.0 x[3] [117]
 Morone labraxBass (+) 10.1x[3] [71]
 Paralabrax clathratusKelp bass (+)20.0 x[3]
 Paralabrax clathratusKelp bass31.0 x[206]
 Paralabrax nebuliferSand bass31.0 x[131] [195]
 Roccus lineatusStriped bass or rock-fish 19.0x[70]
 Roccus saxatilusBass 24.0x[3] [71]
 Stereolepis gigas 75.0 x[3]
SparidaeArchosargus probatocephalus‘Sheepshead’ 6.0x[3] [70]
 Cantharus vulgarisSea bream 5.0x[70]
 Spondyliosoma cantharusBlack sea bream 15.0x[3] [70]
 Stenotomus chrysupsScup19.0 x[28]
SphyraenidaeSphyraena argenteaPacific barracuda11.0 x[3] [197]
ThunnidaeIstiophorus americanusSailfish3.5 x[54]
 Neothunnus macropterusYellowfin tuna5.0 x[139]
 Thunnus thynnusBluefin tuna7.0 x[171]
TrichiuridaeTrichiurus lepturusRibbon fish6.0 x[3]
ZoarchidaeMacrozoarces americanusOcean pout17.0 x[3] [149]
 Macrozoarces americanusOcean pout18.0 x[28]
Pleuronectiformes
BothidaeCitharichthys sordidusLefteye flounder9.0 x[3]
 Citharichthys sordidusSanddab7.0 m[10]
 Citharichthys sordidusSanddab8.0 f[10]
 Lophopsetta aquosaLefteye flounder7.0 x[3] [138]
 Paralichthys californicusCalifornia halibut15.0 x[3]
 Paralichthys californicusCalifornia halibut30.0 x[75] [84]
[163] [176]
 Pseudorhombus cinnamoneusLefteye flounder5.0 x[3] [124]
 Rhombus maximusLefteye flounder12.0 x[3]
PleuronectidaeEopsetta jordaniPetrale sole18.0 x[3]
 Glyptocephalus cynoglossusWitch flounder14.0 x[3] [31]
 Hippoglossus hippoglossusAtlantic flounder6.0 x[3] [12]
 Hippoglossus hippoglossusAtlantic flounder40.0 x[71]
 Hippoglossus spp.Halibut45.0 x[27]
 Hippoglossus stenolepisPacific turbot40.0 x[3] [11]
 Hippoglossus vulgarisHalibut90.0 m[55]
 Hippoglossus vulgarisHalibut90.0 f[55]
 Hypsopsetta guttulataDiamond turbot9.0 x[3] [19]
 Isopsetta isolepisButter sole10.0 m[91]
 Lepidopsetta bilineataRock sole15.0 x[3]
 Limanda asperaYellowfin sole15.0 x[3]
 Microstomus pacificusDover sole15.0 x[3] [85]
 Microstomus pacificusSole45.0 x[27]
 Platichthys stellatusStarry flounder13.0 x[3]
 Platichthys stellatusStarry flounder17.0 f[34]
 Platichthys stellatusStarry flounder24.0 m[34]
 Pleuronectes platescaPlaice13.0 m[26]
 Pleuronectes platescaPlaice22.0 f[26]
 Pleuronectes platescaPlaice (+)30.0 x[71]
 Pleuronectes platescaPlaice45.0 x[27]
 Pleuronectes platescaPlaice 2.9x[70]
 Pseudopleuronectes americanusWinter flounder10.0 x[57]
 Pseudopleuronectes americanusWinter flounder 1.0x[70]
SoleidaeSolea soleaCommon sole20.0 x[27]
 Solea soleaCommon sole9.0 x[3] [42]
 Solea vulgarisDover sole8.0 x[28]
Polypteriformes
PolypteridaePolypterus senegalus  34.0x[3] [71]
 Polypterus senegalus  5.7x[70]
Salmoniformes
CoregonidaeCoregonus clupeaformisLake whitefish26.0 x[3] [90]
 Coregonus clupeaformisWhitefish27.0 x[90]
 Coregonus clupeaformisLake whitefish 12.0x[71]
 Coregonus clupeaformisLake whitefish28.0 x[110]
 Coregonus spp.Whitefish (+)30.0 x[27]
 Cristivomer namaycushLake trout18.4 x[111]
 Hypomesus olidusPond smelt10.0 x[170]
 Leucichthys artediCisco11.0 x[96]
 Leucichthys artedii 13.0 x[3] [90]
 Leucichthys nigripinnisCisco11.0 x[3] [108]
 Leucichthys sardinellaWhitefish11.0 x[202]
 Leucichthys zenithicusLong jaw10.0 x[3] [196]
 Lovellia scaliTasmanian whitebait2.0 x[29]
 Oncorhynchus clarkiCutthroat trout10.0 x[104] [177]
[190]
 Oncorhynchus clarkiiCutthroat trout10.0 x[107]
 Oncorhynchus gorbuschaPink salmon1.8 x[3]
 Oncorhynchus gorbuschaPink salmon3.0 x[177]
 Oncorhynchus gorbuschaPink salmon0.1 x[93]
 Oncorhynchus ketaChum salmon5.0 x[3] [86]
 Oncorhynchus ketaChum salmon7.0 x[177]
 Oncorhynchus ketaChum salmon0.6 x[93]
 Oncorhynchus ketaChura salmon6.0 x[122]
 Oncorhynchus kisutchCoho salmon4.0 x[3]
 Oncorhynchus kisutchCoho salmon5.0 x[143] [177]
 Oncorhynchus kisutchCoho salmon4.1 x[93]
 Oncorhynchus mykissSteelhead9.0 x[199]
 Oncorhynchus mykissSteelhead7.0 x[107]
 Oncorhynchus nerkaSockeye salmon8.0 x[3] [16]
[73]
 Oncorhynchus nerkaSockeye salmon6.0 x[72]
 Oncorhynchus nerkaSockeye salmon4.3 x[93]
 Oncorhynchus tshawytschaChinook salmon7.0 x[3]
 Oncorhynchus tshawytschaChinook salmon9.0 x[61] [143]
 Oncorhynchus tshawytschaChinook salmon5.0 x[91]
 Oncorhynchus tshawytschaChinook salmon2.5 x[93]
 Prosopium cylindraceum 14.0 x[3] [162]
 Prosopium williamsoni 17.0 x[3]
 Salmo clarki 10.0 x[3] [8]
 Salmo farioBrown trout 6.8x[70]
 Salmo gairdneriSteelhead trout (+) 3.9x[3] [70]
 Salmo gairdneriSteelhead trout9.0 x[3]
 Salmo gairdneriSteelhead trout8.0 x[177]
 Salmo lacustrisLake trout 10.3x[70]
 Salmo salarAtlantic salmon13.0 x[71]
 Salmo salarAtlantic salmon 3.3x[70]
 Salmo salarAtlantic salmon5.0 x[146]
 Salmo salar salarAtlantic salmon13.0 x[3] [71]
 Salmo salar sebagoAtlantic salmon8.0 x[3] [36]
 Salmo truttaBrown trout 10.0x[71]
 Salmo truttaBrown trout18.0 x[146]
 Salmo truttaBrown trout8.0 x[78]
 Salmo truttaBrown trout11.0 m/f[106]
 Salvelinus alpinusChar22.0 x[3] [186]
 Salvelinus alpinusChar24.0 x[80]
 Salvelinus aureolus 5.0 x[3]
 Salvelinus fontinalisSplake8.0 x[3] [79]
 Salvelinus fontinalisSplake16.0 m[74]
 Salvelinus fontinalisSplake16.0 f[74]
 Salvelinus fontinalisBunnylake brook trout24.0 x[166]
 Salvelinus malmaChar 20.0x[3] [71]
 Salvelinus namaycushChar 12.0x[71]
 Salvelinus namaycushChar41.0 x[186]
 Salvelinus spp.Char (+)30.0 x[27]
 Salvelinus truttaBrook trout8.0 x[107]
 Stenodus leucichthys 16.0 x[3] [58]
HiodontidaeAmphiodon alosoides 10.0 x[3] [135]
 Hiodon tergisus 7.0 x[3] [15]
OsmeridaeHypomesus pretiosusSurf smelt5.0 x[205]
 Hypomesus pretiosusSurf smelt3.0 x[205]
 Hypomesus transpacificusDelta smelt1.0 x[60] [143]
 Mallotus villosusCapelin7.0 x[3]
 Mallotus villosusCapelin10.0 x[27]
 Osmerus mordaxSmelt6.0 x[3] [126]
 Osmerus mordaxSmelt7.0 x[13]
 Spirinchus thaleichthysLongfin smelt2.0 x[141]
 Spirinchus thaleichthysLongfin smelt (+)2.0 f[143]
 Thaleichthys pacificusColumbia river smelt4.0 x[3] [185]
 Thaleichthys pacificusEulachon5.0 x[185]
SalmonidaeArgentina semifaxiatnArgentine2.0 x[87]
ThymallidaeThymallus signifer 11.0 x[3] [134]
 Thymallus vulgarisGrayling 2.8x[70]
Scomberesociformes
ScomberesocidaeCololabis saira 4.0 x[3] [137]
Scorpaeniformes
AnoplopomatidaeAnoplopoma fimbrimSablefish20.0 x[3]
CottidaeCottus burbalisSculpin 3.4x[3] [71]
 Leptocottidae armatusPacific staghorn sculpin10.0 x[204]
 Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosusLonghorn sculpin11.0 x[3] [140]
HexagrammidaeOphiodon elongatusLingcod20.0 x[130]
 Ophiodon elongatusLingcod16.0 x[3]
PlatycephalidaeNeoplatycephalus macrodonAustralian trawl fish6.0 x[3]
ScorpaenidaeMedialuna californiensisHalfmoon cleaner fish8.0 x[3] [19]
 Pontinus clemensiScorpionfish8.0 x[3] [64]
 Pterois volitansScorpionfish10.0 x[98]
 Sebastes aleutianusRockfish140.0 x[41]
 Sebastes alutusPacific ocean perch26.0 m[22]
 Sebastes alutusPacific ocean perch28.0 f[22]
 Sebastodes alutusRockfish20.0 x[3] [4]
 Sebastes diploproaSplitnose rockfish40.0 x[24]
 Sebastes marinusRedfish50.0 x[3] [109]
 Sebastes mentellaRedfish75.0 x[35]
 Sebastes mentellaRockfish50.0 x[169]
 Sebastes spp.Ocean perch (+)80.0 x[27]
TriglidaeTrigla hirundoSea robin 6.8x[70]
 Trigla lucernaYellow gurnard4.0 m[150]
 Trigla lucernaYellow gurnard10.0 f[150]
Lepisosteiformes
LepisosteidaeLepisosteus osseusLongnosed gar30.0 x[3] [16]
 Lepisosteus osseusLongnosed gar 24.0x[71]
 Lepisosteus osseusGar30.0 x[98]
 Lepisosteus osseusLongnosed gar 20.0x[70]
 Lepisosteus platostomusShortnosed gar (+) 20.0x[3] [70]
Siluriformes
AmeiuridaeIctalurus lacustris punctatusChannel catfish12.0 x[9]
AriidaeGaleichthys felisCatfish (+) 7.0x[3] [70]
ClariidaeClarias lazeraAfrican catfish (+) 16.2x[3] [70]
IctaluridaeAmeiurus melas 9.0 x[3]
 Ameiurus natalis 4.0 x[3] [116]
 Ameiurus nebulosis 3.0 x[3] [116]
 Ictalurus catusCatfish (+) 8.1x[70]
 Ictalurus catusCatfish14.0 x[175]
 Ictalurus lacustrisChannel catfish13.0 x[3] [116]
 Ictalurus melasBlack bullhead (+)10.0 x[151]
 Pilodictis olivaris 15.0 x[3] [18]
LoricariidaePlecostomus punctatusArmored catfish18.0 x[98]
MochokidaeSynodontis schallUpside-down catfish 31.0x[70]
 Synodontis schallUpside-down catfish 9.0x[70]
 Synodontis schallUpside-down catfish12.0 x[98]
PimelodidaePimelodus spp.Catfish/pirana 7.0x[3] [70]
SiluridaeAmiurus catusN. American catfish 8.1x[70]
 Bagrus bayadAfrican catfish 17.0x[70]
 Callichthys punctatusS. American catfish 8.8x[70]
 Chrysichthys auratusAfrican catfish 5.8x[70]
 Hexanematichthys felisN. American sea-catfish (+) 7.0x[70]
 Malopterurus electricusAfrican catfish 7.1x[70]
 Saccobranchus fossilisAsiatic catfish (+) 17.5x[3] [70]
 Schilbe mystusAfrican catfish 9.7x[70]
Tetraodontiformes
TetraodontidaeTetraodon fahaka  5.9x[3] [70]
 Tetraodon fahakaNile globe-fish 5.9x[70]
 Tetraodon solandriPuffer 7.0x[3] [71]

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